Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction motor and the torque it produces. Thermal system cooling : This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other components.
Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor. Transmission electric : The transmission transfers mechanical power from the electric traction motor to drive the wheels. Traction batteries are mainly used in heavy industrial electrical applications such as: electric forklift trucks , electric tractors, large industrial cleaning machines , aerial platforms , … A traction battery consists of several cells of 2V.
Composition of a traction battery A traction cell is composed of positive and negative plates, there is always 1 negative plate more than the number of positive. PzS — PzB. The most representative solution portfolio for the Material Handling Industry. Vented lead acid battery with liquid electrolyte. Low Maintenance. The low maintenance solution with up to 13 weeks interval.
With special design and optimized alloys minimizes water consumption. The maintenance free valve regulated gas recombination batteries with GEL electrolyte. Particularly suitable in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industry. No acid leakage and minimum gas emissions. Suitable for operation under extreme conditions Cold Store. Allowing fast and opportunity charging. Pure Lead Carbon. More information can be found in the section on Chargers.
Information on battery sales volumes and industry trends is given on the History pages. Traction Batteries for EV and HEV Applications Battery Requirements for Typical Traction Applications Traction applications have traditionally been jobs for Lead Acid batteries but the limitations of Lead Acid batteries, together with the high cost of alternatives, have in turn limited the range of potential battery powered traction applications. Purchasing Speciications Traction batteries are very expensive and like all batteries they deteriorate during their lifetime.
This is shown graphically below. Battery is essentially constantly fully charged. No prolonged operation with deep discharge. Typical capacity 0. Peak power 2. Tolerant to repeated high current pulses. Peak power 5 to12 kW. This is a major challenge for cell makers.
More detailed operating requirements are outlined below. A range of capacities will be required to satisfy the needs of different sized vehicles and different usage patterns. Must accept very high repetitive pulsed charging currents greater than 5C if regenerative braking required. Without regenerative braking, controlled charging conditions and lower charging rates are possible.
At least 2C desirable. Routinely receives a full charge. Often also reaches nearly full discharge. Fuel-gauging critical near "empty" point. Needs thermal management. Typical discharge current up to C rate continuous and 3 C peak for short durations. Some examples are: Series Hybrid - The engine is used only to charge the battery. The electrical system provides a variable speed transmission and the electric motor provides the full driving power.
Battery requirements similar to EV batteries but lower capacity needed since the charge is kept topped up by the engine. Parallel Hybrid - Both the engine and the electric motor provide power to the wheels. Various configurations possible to satisfy different operating conditions. The battery capacity may be as low as 2 KWh but it must deliver short duration power boosts requiring very high currents of up to 40C for acceleration and hill climbing.
Some examples of different EV and HEV design goals which affect the battery specification are: Efficiency Optimisation - This allows the engine to run at its most efficient constant speed simply to keep the battery charged.
The electrical drive eliminates the gearbox and provides the variable power output required. This type of drive was first used on Diesel Electric Locomotives. Improved efficiency reduces the fuel consumption which in turn automatically reduces exhaust emissions. Efficiency Boost - This uses the battery simply to capture the energy, which would otherwise be lost, from regenerative braking.
The captured energy is used to provide a power boost for acceleration and hill climbing. Range Extender - This is basically an EV which uses the engine to top up the battery to prevent excessive depth of discharge.
The vehicle moves off under battery power and the engine is restarted when a predetermined speed is reached. Town and Country Mode - This allows the vehicle to be used in EV mode while in town or in heavy traffic where it is most suited, and to be used as a normal internal combustion engined vehicle for high speed or long distance highway driving to avoid the range limitations of the EV.
Multi-mode - Increased versatility is possible by using combinations of the above modes. Capacity and Power - In addition to the above operating modes, different batteries will be required to accommodate a range of performance requirements such as economy, top speed, acceleration, load carrying capacity, range and noxious emissions.
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